Author: admin

Tetiana Korolova

Doctor of Philology, Professor, Head of the Department of Translation, Theoretical and Applied Linguistics of the State Institution “South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky”,
Odesa, Ukraine
e-mail: kortami863@gmail.com
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000–3441–196X

Olha Aleksandrova

Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor at the Department of Foreign Languages for Humanities, Odessa I. I. Mechnikov National University,
Odesa, Ukraine
e-mail: olgaaleks2016@gmail.com
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/ 0000–0002–1224–5916

Svitlana Yukhymets

Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor at Philology Department,
Odesa National Maritime University,
Odesa, Ukraine
е-mail: yukhymets.svetlana@gmail.com
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000–0003–3350–7310

DOI:

SUMMARY

This article examines the peculiarities of modal-emotional connotations used in English-language texts in maritime documents, the functional and semantic characteristics of subjective modality units (epistemic, axiological, aletic and deontic) are studied.

The results of the research based on the material of maritime-related documents showed that despite the fact that the main distinctive characteristics of the documents include the presence of factual (cognitive) information, the monosemantics of the used terms and distinct content of the text, the author’s personal attitude to the researched problem, his individual characteristics of speech and personality often appear in the texts of the documents. Moreover, the emotional and modal characteristics of the analyzed texts, their orientation, do not in any way interfere with the cognitive semantics of the text.

Despite the fact that modal values are subject to the pragmatic task of the work, the goal, which is dedicated to one topic, and the clear structure of presenting the research results, the functional and semantic side of documentary texts is formed not only at the expense of the objective component, but at the expence of the subjective one too. That is why syntactic (parallel constructions emphatic word order, constructions with interjections and with the meaning of intellectual assessment) and morphological (perfect / imperfect verb forms), stylistic (epithets, comparisons) are widely used alongside with lexical means of expression. Some features of the content structure of the work are related to national or cultural peculiarities. An absolutely isomorphic feature of the compared scientific works is that the methods, techniques and manner of language communication is closely connected with the features of the person’s speech, his professional style and his individuality. Explicit presentation of modal meanings strengthens the emphasis on the importance of the introduced information

Key words: typology, scientific and technical literature, maritime documentation, subjective modality

REFERENCES

Auwera, van der J., Ammann, A. & Kindt, S. Modal Polyfunctionality and Standard Average European Modality. Studies in form and function. van der J. Auwera (Ed.). London: Equinox Publishing Ltd. [in English].
Borysenko, O. A. (2005). Porivnialna typolohiia anhliiskoi ta ukrainskoi mov dlia perekladatskykh vydan VNZ [Comparative typology of English and Ukrainian languages for university translation publications]. Kyiv: MAUP [in Ukrainian].
Brytsyn, V. M. (2006). Modalna hramatyka dyskursu yak odyn iz napriamkiv semantykosyntaksychnykh doslidzhen [Modal discourse grammar as one of the directions of semantic and syntactic research]. Movoznavstvo — Linguistics, 2–3, 101–110 [in Ukrainian].
Bybee, J. & Fleischman, S. (1995). Modality in Grammar and Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing company [in English].
Good, J. (2008). Linguistic Universals and Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [in English].
Halliday, M. A. K. (1966). Intonation systems in English. Patterns of Language. Papers in general, descriptive and applied linguistics. (pp. 111–133). London: Longmans [in English].
Hogeweg, L., Hoop, de H. & Malchukov, A. (Eds.). (2009). Cross-linguistic Semantics of Tense, Aspect, and Modality. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing company [in English].
Korolova, T. M. (1989). Intonatsiia modalnosti v movlenni [Modality intonation in speech]. Kyiv, Odesa: Vyshcha shkola [in Ukrainian].
Levytskyi, A. E. (2004). Porivnialno-typolohichni osoblyvosti etnokulturnykh markeriv
u leksychnykh systemakh ukrainskoi y anhliiskoi mov [Comparative-typological features of ethnocultural markers in the lexical systems of the Ukrainian and English languages]. Movni i kontseptualni kartyny svitu — Linguistic and Conceptual Pictures of the World, 11 (part 1), 262–265 [in Ukrainian].
Palmer, F. R. (2001). Mood and Modality. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [in English].

Khrystyna Kim

Master Student in Philology, State Institution “South Ukrainian National
Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky”,
Odesa, Ukraine
e-mail: KIM. KV@pdpu.edu.ua

Natalya Zhmayeva

Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor at the Department of Translation
and Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, State Institution “South Ukrainian
National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky”,
Odesa, Ukraine
e-mail: zhmaeva@gmail.com
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000–0003–3382–0155

DOI:

SUMMARY

The analysis of the phenomenon of diminutiveness and its derivatives presents significant difficulties for the researchers because the views of linguistics on the definition of category of diminutiveness due to the peculiarities of the semantic-functional reality of it are extremely contradictory and its definition is still not set, which determines the relevance of the paper.

The objective of the study is to establish the specificity of translation of the phenomenon of diminutiveness in poetic translation. To achieve this goal the continuous sampling method to research materials, the comparative method to compare the original and translated texts, the translation analysis method and the theoretical generalizations method were used.

It was determined that diminutiveness is a universal linguistic category that is expressed in the languages of the world using different levels of the language structure and realizes the meaning of a reduced size of an object, a reduced manifestation of an action or sign, and may also be accompanied by some expressive or evaluative-emotional patterns. As a result of a comparative analysis of the original poetry of Taras Shevchenko with its translations into English, it was found that the emotional component of diminutives is reproduced or neutralized in the translation. Techniques that reproduce the emotional component of diminutives include substitution and addition; techniques that neutralize are following: omission, selection of a direct translation equivalent, addition.

Key words: diminutive, category of diminutiveness, reduction, evaluativeemotional sema.

REFERENCES

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Ruda, N. V. (2013). Katehoriia deminutyvnosti: aspekty ta perspektyvy doslidzhen. [Category of diminutiveness: aspects and perspectives of research]. Studia linguistica — Studia linguistica, 7, 384–401 [in Ukrainian].
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Shevchenko, T. Katerina: translated by John Weir. URL: https://taras-shevchenko.storinka.org/katerina-poem-of-taras-shevchenko-translated-by-john-weir.html.

Anastasiia Buchumash

Master Student in Philology, State Institution “South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky”,
Odesa, Ukraine
e-mail: buchumaschna7599@gmail.com

Ilona Derik

Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Translation
and Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, State Institution “South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky”,
Odesa, Ukraine
e-mail: ilonaderik@gmail.com
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000–0003–1476–2391

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2022-35-2

SUMMARY

The article explores definition: “translatability” and “untranslatability”, peculiarities of their translation, problems and ways of solving untranslatability. It is found out that translatability and untranslatability are psycholinguistic and ethnolinguistic adequacy of translation, which includes intellectual, psycholinguistic, cultural, philosophical factors. The participants of the process are the author of the original as a carrier of culture and the translator as an interpreter of the message. The following reasons for translatability and untranslatability are highlighted: the difference of languages, their asymmetry; the work, which is present in each language and in most cases is an indicator of identity, a method of creating a national mentality; insufficient level of prior information necessary for adequate transmission of the message of the source language.

This article also described words that are not translated and have no analogue in the target language, because in the source language it covers a wide system of views on things. Expressions or lexical units that the interpreter is unable to convey are called lacunae in the scientific literature. Lacunae do not indicate the impossibility of translation, they draw attention to the lack of equivalent, taking into account social, cultural, ethnic and historical features. Examples of wordsand expressions taken from different languages that lose their cultural and mental coloring during translation are considered, as well as the use of translation transformations to adequately convey the message from the source language to the target language. The principle of choosing examples was the socio-cultural aspect.

In this paper we explored the techniques and methods of translation described in the works of theorists and practitioners of translation, which are used by the translator to achieve semantic closeness of the translated text to the original text. The actual works of foreign writers are analyzed

Key words: translatability, untranslatability, translation transformation, adequacy of translation, lacunae, analogue, equivalent, language, domestication, cultural aspect, translation technique, translation commentary, interpretation,adaptation.

REFERENCES

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Evteiev S. V, Latyshev L. K. Do problemy neperekladnosti: kulturna neperekladnist. [To the problem of untranslatability: cultural untranslatability] [in Ukrainian]. URL:https://cyberleninka.ru/article/v/k-probleme-perevodimosti-kulturnaya-neperevodimost

Zheludenko M. A., Sabytova A. P. Puryzm yak determinanta identychnosti. [Purism as a determinant of identity] Zaporizhzhia: ZNU. 2014.№ 62. p. 51–54. [in Ukrainian].
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Myshkurov Э. N. Hermenevtyko-perekladatskyi metodolohichnyi standart u dzerkali
transdystsyplinarnosti (chastyna III). [Hermeneutic-translation methodological standard of transdisciplinarity] [in Ukrainian]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/germenevtikoperevodcheskiy-metodologicheskiystandart-v-zerkale-transdistsiplinarnosti-chast-III-interpretatsiya Myshkurov Э. N. Pro «hermenevtychnyi povorot» u suchasnii teorii ta metodolohii perekladu (chastyna I). [About the “hermeneutic turn” in the modern theory and methodology of translation] [in Ukrainian]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-germenevticheskompovorote-v-sovremennoy-teorii-i-metodologiiperevoda-chast-I
Nuryiev L. Kh. Do pytannia pro perekladnist. [To the question of translatability] [in
Ukrainian]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-o-perevodimosti
Panchenko V. Vylhelm fon Humboldt. Vnutrishnia forma movy yak vidbytok samobutnosti etnichnoi kultury. [The internal form of language as an imprint of the identity of ethnic culture] [in Ukrainian]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vilgelm-fon-gumboldt-vnutrennyaya-formayazyka-kak-otrazhenie-samobytnosti-etnicheskoy-kultury Remark Э. M. Try tovaryshi. [Maria Remarque’s novel “Three Comrades”] 2002. p. 423. URL: https://books.google.com.ua (data zvernennia: 02.10.2022). [in Ukrainian].
Tymko N. V. Do pytannia peredachi kulturnoi spetsyfiky tekstu u perekladi. [To the question of transferring the cultural specificity of the text in translation] Visnyk Derzhavnoho linhvistychnoho universytetu. Linhvistychni pytannia perekladu. 2010, № 1. p. 61–66. [in Ukrainian].

Alexander I. Iliadi

Doctor of philological sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Translation, Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, State Institution “South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky”, Odessa, Ukraine
e-mail: alexandr.iliadi@gmail.com
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000–0001–5078–8316

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2022-35-1

SUMMARY

The article is devoted to the consideration of the semantic relations between Indo-European words for designation of the cup and the head, skull, which hypothetically could form a cultural sign complex, that drawns to universality. The results of the study allow to make some conclusions. 1. Semantic pattern ‘bowl, cup’ → ‘skull, head’ reveals signs of universality, being inherent in lexico-semantic systems of many languages. This is due to typological common processes into vocabulary of analyzed languages. Everywhere this semantic development proceeds at about the same scheme, including allusions, ideophonia and reliance on cultural background. 2. Semantic shift ‘skull’ → ‘bowl, cup’ really is not attested in known us data. Available for study examples in fact show a play on words, used by the authors of texts, or ritually determined rethinking of semantic relations in the opposite direction. 3. Linguistic data is different from conclusions of archeologists, whose investigations confirm wide usage of bowls made of human skulls. Therefore further researches in the field of etymology can give researchers linguistic evidences of skulls usage as bowls in antiquity.

Key words: lexeme, meaning, etymology, semantics, text.

REFERENCES

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Benvenist E. (1974). Obshchaâ lingvistika [General Linguistics]. Moscow : Progress [in Russian].
Levitskiy V. V. (2000). Ètimologicheskiy slovar’ germanskikh âzykov [An Etymological
Dictionary of Germanic Languages]. Vol. 1. Chernovtsy : Ruta [in Russian].
Litvina A. F., Uspenskij F. B. (2018). A Praise to Generosity, a Skull Bowl, and a Golden Cloak... The Outlines of the Cultural Interaction between Russians and Varangians. Moscow : HSE Publishing House [in Russian].
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Smoczyński W. (2019). Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego, współpraca redakcyjna M. Osłon, wydanie drugie, poprawione i znacznie rozszerzone, na prawach rękopisu [www.rromanes.org/pub/alii/Smoczyński W. Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego.pdf.].

Tetiana Korolova

Doctor of Philology, Professor, Head of the Department of Translation,
Theoretical and Applied Linguistics of the State Institution
“South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University
named after K. D. Ushynsky”

Odesa, Ukraine

e-mail: kortami863@gmail.com
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000–3441–196X

Olga Aleksandrova

Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor at the Department
of Foreign Languages for Humanities, Odessa I. I. Mechnikov
National University

Odesa, Ukraine

e-mail: olgaaleks2016@gmail.com
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/ 0000–0002–1224–5916

DOI:https://doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2022-34-13

Key words: sociolinguistic system, communicative behavior, youth sociolect, socially marked elements.

SUMMARY

The study of socio-intellectual forms of language meets the needs of modern linguistics that considers language in close connection with an individual, his mentality and worldview. In general, the modern scientific paradigm is based on the principle of conditional linguistic differentiation in a heterogeneous society. In this context, youth language is an important area of linguistic research, being a clear indicator of the current state of society and language variability. In the sociolect of youth (SY) all the processes of a natural language develop many times faster and are available for direct observation.

The structure of lexical, grammatical and phonetic systems of modern SY in the Ukrainian and English languages is considered in the work. The lexical structure includes the standard segment and the substandard (sociolect) segment, within which certain stylistically reduced and socially marked structural elements are distinguished, the quantitative and qualitative structure of these elements creates a partial situation of socio-stylistic lexical diglossia due to the lot of substandard lexicons.

The grammatical parameters of SY demonstrate differential peculiarities of their functioning as an oral dialogic type of speech and sociolinguistic parameters of communicators. Emotional coloring, spontaneity, situation peculiarities determine the presence of certain features of SY grammatical subsystem, which are represented by variable types of expressive syntax, certain means of morphological level. The low frequency of substandard elements at the grammatical level, the sporadic nature of their manifestation does not give grounds to single out the substandard grammatical subsystem within the CY.

Sociolinguistic characteristics of SY carriers and sociolinguistic parameters of youth communication determine the emotional and modal tension of speech among the youth, which is actualized by a set of phonetic parameters

REFERENCES

Balabin, V. V. (2002). Suchasnyi amerykanskyi viyskovyi slenh yak problema perekladu [Modern American military slang as a problem of translation]. Candidate’s thesis. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].

Balli, Sh. (2003). Yazyk i zhizn [Language and life]. Moscow: URSS [in Russian].

Bodnar, R. V. (2007). Sotsiolekt pidlitkiv yak subkultura suchasnoho linhvosotsiumu (na materiali anhliyskoyi movy 90-kh rokiv ХХ — pochatku ХХІ stolittia) [Sociolect of adolescents as a subculture of modern linguistic society (based on the English language of the 90s of the XX — early XXI century)]. Extended abstract of candidate’s thesis. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].

Hrabovyi, P. M. (2010). Kohnityvni parametry ukrayinskoho molodizhnoho slenhu [Cognitive parameters of Ukrainian youth slang]. Extended abstract of candidate’s thesis. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].

Karpets, L. A. (2006). Ukrayinskyi sportyvnyi zharhon: strukturno-semantychnyi aspekt [Ukrainian sports jargon: structural-semantic aspect]. Extended abstract of candidate’s thesis. Kyiv [in Ukrainian]. Kharkiv [in Ukrainian].

Coleman J. The Life of Slang. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2012. 354 p.

Ehmann H. Ein paar Facts voraus. Das neuste Lexikon der Jugendsprache. München : Verlag C. H. Beck, 2001. 195 p.

Labov W. The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Second edition. Cambridge : Cambridge U. Press, 2006. P. 168–178. Neuland E. Jugendsprache.

Tubingen und Basel : Fraucke Verlag, 2008. 210 p.

Liudmyla Yavorska

Teacher at the Department of Translation and Theoretical and Applied Linguistics
of the State Institution “South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University
named after K. D. Ushynsky”
Odesa, Ukraine
e-mail: Yavorska.LP@pdpu.edu.ua
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000–0001–8700–1505

DOI:https://doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2022-34-12

Key words: linguistics, speech communication, dialogical speech, interrogatives, variability

SUMMARY

The variability of English interrogatives, the algorithm for their formation and usage are of unreserved interest to linguists, scientists, teachers, graduates. The identified theme is especially popular in contemporary scientific researches because it is one of the most prevalent and important ones. The reason for such interest is the fact that the speech communication occupies the most prominent place among modern means of interaction, and the dialogic speech itself is an inherent part of speech communication, both verbal and written. But it is impossible to imagine any dialogue without interrogatives, which are a trigger, that is an initial impulse provoking the development of the communication process.

The purpose of the article is to study the variability of English simple interrogatives depending on their word order and functions.

This publication presents an essay on the study of the structural varieties of English simple interrogative sentences in the process of the dialogical speech as the most important means of communication; the analysis of modern linguistic studies directly related to the interrogatives investigation was carried out; the functional meaning and different locations of particular sentence members in the general structure of interrogative sentences were considered, 5 structural types of English simple interrogatives were selected, and the directions for further research on the theme were defined. To be consistent with the scientific principles, authenticity, and practical implementation of the obtained results, our study was conducted on the basis of selective material from the popular novel by American writer Jerome David Salinger “The Catcher in the Rye”. 

REFERENCES

Close R. A. (1975). A Reference Grammar for Students of English. Longman, 342 p [in
English].

Jespersen O. (1992). The Philosophy of Grammar. University of Chicago Press. 372 p [in English].

Salinger J. D. (2010). The Catcher in the Rye. Penguin. UK. 240 p [in English].

Dudenko O. V. (2015). Sintaksis ukrayinskoyi movi. Uman: VPC «Vizavi». 208 p [in Ukrainian].

Dudik P. S., Prokopchuk L. V. (2010). Sintaksis ukrayinskoyi movi. K. : VC «Akademiya». 380 p [in Ukrainian].

Korsakov A. K. (2013). Teoretichni osnovi suchasnoyi anglijskoyi gramatiki. Ch.1: Sintaksis. Kiyiv: Visha shkola, Odesa: VMV. 344 p [in English].

Romanyuk O. S. (2019). Uspishna komunikativno-pragmatichna model realizaciyi feminnoyi pragmatichno-interogativnoyi komunikativnoyi taktiki. Lingvistichni doslidzhennya: Zbirnik naukovih prac Harkivskogo nacionalnogo pedagogichnogo universitetu imeni G. S. Skovorodi. Vip. 50. pp. 203–209. URL: https://doi.org/10.34142/23127546.2019.5 0.25 [in Ukrainian].

Romanyuk O. S. (2019). Feminnij Romantichnij Diskurs: strategichni shlyahi realizaciyi pragmatichno-interogativnoyi komunikativnoyi taktiki. Visnik Universitetu imeni Alfreda Nobelya. Seriya «Filologichni nauki». Vip. 1(17). pp. 296–305. URL: https://doi.org/10.32342/2523–4463–2019–0-16–32 [in Ukrainian].

Yavorska L. P., Yasinska T. O. (2022). Strukturna variativnist anglijskih interogativiv u
dialogichnomu movlenni. V Mizhnarodna naukovo-praktichna konferenciya «Theoretical and applied aspects of the application of modern science». Sekciya: filologiya. Tokio, Yaponiya. pp. 369–372 URL: https://eu-conf.com/events/theoretical-and-applied-aspects-of-the-application-of-modern- cience/?utm_source=eSputnik-promo&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=_EU-CONF-Sbornik_materialov_konferencii_opublikovan&utm_content=1404294644 [in Ukrainian].

Tetyana Yablonska

Doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor of the Department of West
and Oriental Languages and Methods of Their Teaching,
State Institution «South Ukrainian National Pedagogical
University named after K. D. Ushinsky»
Odessa, Ukraine

e-mail: applle9@gmail.com
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000–0002–6801–8704
Researcher ID: I-532402018

DOI:https://doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2022-34-11

Key words: phrasal verbs, Phraseology, context, Lexicology, English Language, polysemy, synonymy.

SUMMARY

The relevance of the English Language learning is substantiated in the article for many reasons. First, because of its international meaning in the whole world. Secondly, due to the huge variety of vocabulary, the presence of emotionally coloured set phrases, turns, idioms, phraseological units, proverbs, sayings and phrasal verbs. Thirdly, due to its emotional coloring, individuality and the presence of words of Greek, Latin and French origin.

The article considers the specifics of the use of phrasal verbs in English Lexicology classes. Such teaching methods as descriptive (for a general description of the context of a phrasal verb in English); contextual-interpretive (to identify the functional and semantic meaning of a phrasal verb), as well as a method of creating a problem situation with the help of a phrasal verb. The essence of the term «phrasal verbs» is defined; the place of phrasal verbs in the English Lexicology is considered and the features of phrasal verbs usage in this discipline are determined.

The features of perception and memorization of phrasal verbs are considered. Attention is paid to the classification of phrasal verbs. It has been proven that phrasal verbs are one of the most difficult moments regarding mastering the English language, but despite this, it is thanks to their use in the context that the English language becomes more «alive», extraordinary and emotionally colored, and in turn, the constant study of phrasal verbs and the use of their meanings in the context contributes to the memorization of new lexical units through associations, images and situations.

REFERENCES

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Anastasiia Yumrukuz

PhD (Candidate of philological sciences), associate professor, head of the department of western and oriental languages and methods of their teaching, state institution “South Ukrainian national pedagogical university named after K. D. Ushynsky”
Odesa, Ukraine

e-mail: yumrukuz.aa@pdpu.edu.ua
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000–0001–8644–8655;
Researcher ID: M-8713–2018

Juliana Irkhina

PhD (Candidate of pedagogical sciences), associate professor of the department
of western and oriental languages and methods of their teaching, state institution
“South Ukrainian national pedagogical university named after K. D. Ushynsky”
Odesa, Ukraine

e-mail: irhinajuliana@gmail.com,
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000–0002–9884–4732;
Researcher ID: AAF-2405–2021

DOI:https://doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2022-34-10

Ключові слова: лінгвокультурні реалії, алюзія, політичні промови, інавгураційна промова, переклад

SUMMARY

The paper is focused on the study of linguistic means of rendering lingual and cultural realia conveyed by allusions in English political speeches and their Ukrainian translation. It is argued that allusions are among those linguistic means which not only provide the factual information, but also carry nationallymarked load. The authors maintain that despite the presence of some fundamental studies devoted to structural and semantic aspects of allusions, the ways of preserving and reflecting certain lingual and cultural information in the Ukrainian translations of English texts, the issue of rendering this information conveyed by allusions in the texts of English (American) political speeches has not been sufficiently investigated. Thus, the aforementioned justifies the urgent character of the given research. The work aimed at determining the tactics and linguistic means of representing lingual and cultural realia in the texts of English inaugural speeches and their Ukrainian translations.

The conducted study revealed that allusions in the analyzed texts render lingual and cultural information alluding to both textual and non-textual referents. The textual referents are represented by one’s own previous speeches, speeches of other politicians, biblical texts, folklore works, texts of state documents etc.; non-textual referents are the names of historical events, historical buildings, geographical features etc. The difficulty in preserving the lingual and cultural information in the translation can be justified by several factors, such as difficulties with identifying allusions in the text in case of non-nominated allusions as well as selection of the appropriate tactics of translation. The analysis proved that the linguistic and cultural information contained in allusions is mostly preserved in Ukrainian translations of the corresponding English-language texts of political speeches. Herewith, the kind of translation tactics and techniques depend on the type of the allusion — direct allusions are most commonly translated with the employment of transcription, transliteration, translation loans; indirect allusions —
by means of contextual substitution, transposition, extension and omission

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